A new study suggests that forgiving others can improve well-being, but the effect depends on cultural context. Researchers from Harvard’s Human Flourishing Program analyzed data from over 200,000 people across 22 countries. They asked participants how often they forgave those who hurt them and tracked well-being outcomes a year later.
Forgiveness and Well-Being
The study found a link between regular forgiveness and better psychological well-being, including happiness and reduced depression. However, the strength of this connection varied by country. In some places, like Japan and Turkey, the link was weaker. In others, such as South Africa, high forgiveness levels didn’t always translate to stronger well-being.
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Richard Cowden, a lead researcher on the project, called the findings “multilayered and complex.” He noted that nations with high forgiveness, like South Africa, also face challenges like poverty and crime, which might dilute the positive effects. “Local circumstances can override broader trends,” he said.
The study looked at forgiveness as a habit, not a one-time act. It asked, “How often have you forgiven those who hurt you?” Cowden explained this measures “dispositional forgivingness”—a tendency to forgive across situations. The research builds on earlier surveys that mapped forgiveness levels in these countries, which together represent 50 to 60 percent of the global population.
Cultural Differences Matter
Some countries, like South Africa, have high forgiveness rates but weaker well-being links. Others, such as Japan, show lower forgiveness but stronger ties to well-being. Cowden said this suggests cultural factors influence how forgiveness impacts individuals. “In some places, forgiveness is expected, so its benefits might be less noticeable,” he noted.
Data from the third year of the study are being analyzed now. Researchers plan to collect five annual surveys, tracking changes over time. The first two waves established baselines, including questions about childhood experiences that might shape forgiveness habits.
Cowden emphasized that forgiveness isn’t a quick fix. “It’s a muscle we can build,” he said. He cited a 2024 study testing a self-guided forgiveness workbook. Participants in South Africa, Hong Kong, and other regions reported lower anxiety and better well-being after using the tool.
The research highlights forgiveness as a long-term practice with potential population-level benefits. Cowden estimated that widespread forgiveness could “substantially improve health and well-being” globally. Yet he stressed that the link isn’t universal. “We’re seeing this in some places, but not all,” he said.
For now, the study offers a glimpse into how forgiveness interacts with culture, history, and social conditions. It doesn’t claim to solve deep societal issues, but it does suggest that, in many cases, forgiveness can be a tool for better mental health and stronger communities.